A Guide to the History of Mongooses

A Guide to the History of Mongooses Mongooses are individuals from the Herpestidae family, and they are little flesh eating well evolved creatures with 34 separate species found in around 20 genera. As grown-ups, they run in size from 1-6 kilograms (2 to 13 pounds) in weight, and their body lengths go between 23-75 centimeters (9 to 30 inches). They are principally African in birthplace, albeit one class is far reaching all through Asia and southern Europe, and a few genera are discovered distinctly on Madagascar. Late research on taming issues (in the English language scholarly press, in any case), has mainly centered around the Egyptian or white-followed mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon). The Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) is a medium-sized mongoose, grown-ups weighing around 2-4 kg (4-8 lb.), with a thin body, around 50-60 cm (9-24 in) long, and a tail around 45-60 cm (20-24 in) long. The hide is grizzled dim, with a uniquely darker head and lower appendages. It has little, adjusted ears, a sharp gag, and an adorned tail. The mongoose has a summed up diet that incorporates little to medium-sized spineless creatures, for example, bunnies, rodents, flying creatures, and reptiles, and they have no issues with eating the carcass of bigger warm blooded animals. Its cutting edge circulation is all over Africa, in the Levant from the Sinai landmass to southern Turkey and in Europe in the southwestern piece of the Iberian promontory. Mongooses and Human Beings The soonest Egyptian mongoose found at archeological destinations involved by people or our predecessors is at Laetoli, in Tanzania. H. ichneumon remains have additionally been recuperated at a few South African Middle Stone Age locales, for example, Klasies River, Nelson Bay, and Elandsfontein. In the Levant, it has been recuperated from Natufian (12,500-10,200 BP) locales of el-Wad and Mount Carmel. In Africa, H. ichneumon has been distinguished in Holocene locales and in the early Neolithic site of Nabta Playa (11-9,000 cal BP) in Egypt. Different mongooses, explicitly the Indian dark mongoose, H. edwardsi, are known from Chalcolithic locales in India (2600-1500 BC). A little H. edwardsii was recouped from the Harrappan progress site of Lothal, ca 2300-1750 BC; mongooses show up in figures and connected with explicit divinities in both Indian and Egyptian societies. None of these appearances fundamentally speak to train creatures. Tamed Mongooses Actually, mongooses dont appear to have ever been trained in the genuine feeling of the word. They dont require taking care of: like felines, they are trackers and can get their own suppers. Like felines, they can mate with their wild cousins; like felines, given the chance, mongooses will come back to nature. There are no physical changes in mongooses after some time which recommend some training procedure at work. Be that as it may, likewise like felines, Egyptian mongooses can make extraordinary petsâ if you get them at an early age; and, additionally like felines, they are acceptable at downplaying the vermin down: a helpful attribute for people to misuse. The connection among mongooses and individuals appears to have made in any event a stride towards taming in the New Kingdom of Egypt (1539-1075 BC). New Kingdom mummies of Egyptian mongooses were found at the twentieth line site of Bubastis, and in Roman period Dendereh and Abydos. In his Natural History written in the main century AD, Pliny the senior gave an account of a mongoose he found in Egypt. It was in all likelihood the extension of the Islamic human advancement that brought the Egyptian mongoose into southwestern Iberian promontory, likely during the Umayyad tradition (AD 661-750). Archeological proof shows that preceding the eighth century AD, not a single mongooses were in sight in Europe more as of late than the Pliocene. Early Specimens of Egyptian Mongoose in Europe One about complete H. ichneumon was found in the Cave of Nerja, Portugal. Nerja has a few centuries of occupations, including an Islamic period occupation. The skull was recouped from the Las Fantasmas room in 1959, and in spite of the fact that the social stores in this room date to the last Chalcolithic, AMS radiocarbon dates show that the creature went into the cavern between the sixth and eighth hundreds of years (885-40 RCYBP) and was caught. A prior revelation was four bones (noggin, pelvis and two complete right ulnae) recouped from the Muge Mesolithic period shell middens of focal Portugal. In spite of the fact that Muge itself is safely dated to between 8000 AD 7600 cal BP, the mongoose bones themselves date to 780-970 cal AD, showing that it also tunneled into early stores where it kicked the bucket. Both of these disclosures bolster the hint that Egyptian mongooses were brought into southwestern Iberia during the extension of the Islamic human advancement of the sixth eighth hundreds of years AD, likely the Ummayad emirate of Cordoba, 756-929 AD. Sources Detry C, Bicho N, Fernandes H, and Fernandes C. 2011. The Emirate of Cã ³rdoba (756â€929 AD) and the presentation of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in Iberia: the remaining parts from Muge, Portugal. Journal of Archeological Scienceâ 38(12):3518-3523.Encyclopedia of Life. Herpestes. Gotten to January 22, 2012Gaubert P, Machordom A, Morales A, Lã ³pez-Bao JV, Veron G, Amin M, Barros T, Basuony M, Djagoun CAMS, San EDL et al. 2011. Comparative phylogeography of two African carnivorans probably brought into Europe: unraveling normal versus human-interceded dispersal over the Strait of Gibraltar. Journal of Biogeographyâ 38(2):341-358.Palomares F, and Delibes M. 1993. Social association in the Egyptian mongoose: bunch size, spatial conduct and between singular contacts in adults. Animal Behaviourâ 45(5):917-925.Myers, P. 2000. Herpestidae (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Gotten to January 22, 2012 http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/ data/Herpestidae.html.Riquelme-Cantala JA, Simã ³n-Vallejo MD, Palmqvist P, and Cortã ©s-Snchez M. 2008. The most seasoned mongoose of Europe. Journal of Archeological Science 35(9):2471-2473. Ritchie EG, and Johnson CN. 2009. Predator communications, mesopredator discharge and biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters 12(9):982-998.Sarmento P, Cruz J, Eira C, and Fonseca C. 2011. Modeling the inhabitance of sympatric carnivorans in a Mediterranean ecosystem. European Journal of Wildlife Researchâ 57(1):119-131.van der Geer, A. 2008 Animals in Stone: Indian well evolved creatures molded through time. Brill: Leiden.

Automobile and Large Mass Free Essays

There was at one time a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that an enormous mass of dark smoke was framing simply over his dad’s vehicle. To some degree frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles making a course for see whether they too had a haze of dark smoke pursuing them. We will compose a custom paper test on Vehicle and Large Mass or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dim smoke floating around them. There was at one time a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that an enormous mass of dark smoke was shaping simply over his dad’s vehicle. To some degree frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles headed for see whether they too had a haze of dark smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dim smoke drifting around them. There was at one time a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that an enormous mass of dim smoke was shaping simply over his dad’s vehicle. Fairly frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles making progress toward see whether they too had a haze of dark smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dim smoke drifting around them. There was at one time a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that an enormous mass of dark smoke was shaping simply over his dad’s vehicle. Fairly frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles headed straight toward see whether they too had a haze of dim smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dim smoke floating around them. There was at one time a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that a huge mass of dim smoke was framing simply over his dad’s vehicle. To some degree frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles making a course for see whether they too had a haze of dark smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dark smoke floating around them. There was at one time a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that a huge mass of dim smoke was framing simply over his dad’s vehicle. To some degree frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles making a course for see whether they too had a haze of dim smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dim smoke floating around them. So Lewis asked his dad: â€Å"Dad, what’s that dark smoke over our vehicles? † Lewis’ father was somewhat astonished by the inquiry, yet replied: â€Å"Well, Lewis, it’s called contamination. † There was at one time a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that an enormous mass of dark smoke was framing simply over his dad’s vehicle. To some degree frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles making a course for see whether they too had a haze of dark smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dark smoke floating around them. So Lewis asked his dad: â€Å"Dad, what’s that dark smoke over our vehicles? † Lewis’ father was somewhat astonished by the inquiry, yet replied: â€Å"Well, Lewis, it’s called contamination. † There was previously a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that an enormous mass of dark smoke was framing simply over his dad’s vehicle. Fairly frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles headed straight toward see whether they too had a haze of dim smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dim smoke drifting around them. So Lewis asked his dad: â€Å"Dad, what’s that dim smoke over our vehicles? † Lewis’ father was somewhat astounded by the inquiry, yet replied: â€Å"Well, Lewis, it’s called contamination. † There was at one time a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that a huge mass of dark smoke was shaping simply over his dad’s vehicle. To some degree frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles making a course for see whether they too had a haze of dim smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dim smoke drifting around them. So Lewis asked his dad: â€Å"Dad, what’s that dim smoke over our vehicles? † Lewis’ father was somewhat astounded by the inquiry, however replied: â€Å"Well, Lewis, it’s called contamination. † â€Å"Pollution? What’s contamination? † asked Lewis, hanging tight interested for his father’s answer. â€Å"Well, for instance, it’s that dim smoke you can see over our vehicles. Vehicles that sudden spike in demand for petroleum or diesel radiate gasses into the environment, which are exceptionally terrible for every living being and the planet as well. Today you can see a great deal of the dim smoke since it hasn’t came down for a long time,† addressed his dad. There was previously a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that a huge mass of dark smoke was framing simply over his dad’s vehicle. To some degree frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles headed straight toward see whether they too had a haze of dark smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dim smoke floating around them. So Lewis asked his dad: â€Å"Dad, what’s that dark smoke over our vehicles? † Lewis’ father was somewhat shocked by the inquiry, yet replied: â€Å"Well, Lewis, it’s called contamination. † â€Å"Pollution? What’s contamination? † asked Lewis, hanging tight interested for his father’s answer. â€Å"Well, for instance, it’s that dim smoke you can see over our vehicles. Vehicles that sudden spike in demand for petroleum or diesel radiate gasses into the air, which are extremely terrible for every living being and the planet as well. Today you can see a ton of the dim smoke since it hasn’t came down for a long time,† addressed his dad. There was at one time a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that a huge mass of dark smoke was shaping simply over his dad’s vehicle. To some degree frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles making a course for see whether they excessively had a There was before a young man of 6 years of age called Lewis. At some point, as he was watching out of the vehicle window on his approach to class, he found that an enormous mass of dim smoke was shaping simply over his dad’s vehicle. To some degree frightened, Lewis took a gander at different vehicles making a course for see whether they too had a haze of dark smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dim smoke floating around them. So Lewis asked his dad: â€Å"Dad, what’s that dark smoke over our vehicles? † Lewis’ father was somewhat amazed by the inquiry, yet replied: â€Å"Well, Lewis, it’s called contamination. † â€Å"Pollution? What’s contamination? † asked Lewis, sitting tight interested for his father’s answer. â€Å"Well, for instance, it’s that dim smoke you can see over our vehicles. Vehicles that sudden spike in demand for petroleum or diesel emit gasses into the climate, which are awful for every living being and the planet as well. Today you can see a ton of the dim smoke since it hasn’t came down for a long time,† addressed his dad. haze of dim smoke pursuing them. To Lewis’ surprise,â all the vehicles going on the motorway had the dark smoke drifting around them. So Lewis asked his dad: â€Å"Dad, what’s that dark smoke over our vehicles? † Lewis’ father was somewhat amazed by the inquiry, yet replied: â€Å"Well, Lewis, it’s called contamination. † â€Å"Pollution? What’s contamination? asked Lewis, hanging tight charmed for his father’s answer. â€Å"Well, for instance, it’s that dim smoke you can see over our vehicles. Vehicles that sudden spike in demand for petroleum or diesel emit gasses into the climate, which are awful for every living being and the planet as well. Today y ou can see a ton of the dark smoke since it hasn’t came down for a long time,† addressed his dad. d by the inquiry, however replied: â€Å"Well, Lewis, it’s called contamination. † â€Å"Pollution? What’s contamination? † asked Lewis, hanging tight charmed for his father’s answer. â€Å"Well, for instance, it’s that dim smoke you can see over our vehicles. Vehicles that sudden spike in demand for petroleum or diesel radiate gasses into the air, which are terrible for every single living being and the planet as well. Today you can see a great deal of the dark smoke since it hasn’t came down for a long time,† addressed his dad. Lewis spent some time considering on this, and started to come to an obvious conclusion. In the event that theâ grey smoke was awful, and it was all a result of vehicles, thenâ why were there such a significant number of vehicles out and about? â€Å"Dad,† said Lewis gradually, â€Å"If the dark smoke is contamination and is terrible for us,â why would we say we are going to class in a vehicle? † â€Å"So I can get the chance to chip away at time, child. The transport or metro would make us late,† addressed his dad. It was Spring. When the chilly climate went, it returned ag

How To Write Biology Lab Report - .com

Writing a biology lab report is hard, quite confusing and has several procedures. You would have to strictly follow a biology lab report format for your paper to be accurate and credible. A lab report for biology paper must be well-written, with all the necessary information. It is important that you know how to write a biology lab report whether or not you are a biology. It is also important that you know how to cite sources in a lab report properly because your references serve as strong supporting evidence of the accuracy of your academic work. Lab reports are strictly scrutinized by professors because the data must be accurate and not fabricated. We understand that it can be overwhelming and exhausting, so do not worrywe can help you learn how to write a biology lab report.Do you want to know how to prepare lab reports?Here are some useful tips that you can use as lab report writing guides for you to be able to accurately write a lab report.You must first familiarize yourself on the lab report writing guides set by your professor. A lab report usually has a standard format but you must be careful because the professor might set a different format that is only applicable to his subject. When you write a biology lab report for college, it would not only be about gathering the necessary data and information but you must also be able to present it accurately.A good tip in writing an introduction for a laboratory report is starting with a brief explanation on the content of the discussion section for a lab report.You can use these tips on writing a lab report if your professor did not provide guidelines.In order to be able to write a good lab report discussion, you have to make sure that the results of your biology experiment will be able to answer your research questions otherwise, you would have a hard time explaining the significance of your results in the discussion.In writing a good research topic, you must make sure that the research question is measurable and researchable. You must make sure that the topic you chose will be feasible for conducting a research. You must also make sure that the research questions are not generalized.When you write a discussion for your laboratory report, it must contain an interpretation of the results, the summary of findings, the limitations of the study, and recommendations on how to fill in the gaps of the study and how to overcome the limitations and other recommendations on possible future continuation of the study.The interpretation of the results must not be limited to describing the results. It must also be explained why the results are significant to the objectives of the study and how it answers the research questions.The summary of findings must contain an explanation on how the results answer the research questions.The limitations of the study must discuss the issues that were not addressed or the issues that still need addressing even after all the experiments that were done.The recommend ations of the study must explain the possible solutions for the issues that were not addressed or what the researchers should have done in order to avoid having a gap. The recommendations of the study must also contain the fields wherein the study would be useful.Whenever you write a biology lab report, you must always cite your sources in APA format unless your professor gives you a different format. You must read a sample biology lab report before starting to write in order for you to grasp the flow of a lab report.Lab report writing service for studentsEven with all these tips on writing a biology lab report, it is not surprising if you would still have a hard time writing your paper. It is hard to write the paper let alone present it. You would need a lot of time in studying it, but the writing process itself could take a lot of time. You do not have to worry because with , you can get a custom lab report service that would help you save a lot of time for studying the report and preparing on how to present it.Need a lab report? We can help you with thatwe have writers who can write a lab report for you. Do not worry about the accuracy, because our writers also follow the tips on writing a lab report online. Writing good academic papers could be really challenging especially if you have other things to worry about like extracurricular activities or even other paper requirements. Cramming and sleep deprivation cannot be avoided but do not worry because we are here to give you the academic help you need: custom essays, essay help, custom PowerPoint presentations, custom term papersyou name it. You do not have to be stressed anymore and you can start to fully enjoy your life as a student by ordering our services. Do not be ashamed because you are not the only one who feels trapped because of school requirements. Order a paper on biology now!

The Determinants Of Violence And Video Games Essay

According to The Entertainment Software Association (2016), a total of 23.5 billion dollars were spent in the games industry in 2015. In addition, 63% of U.S. households are home to at least one person who plays video games regularly. The industry keeps expanding and gaining popularity around the world. Action and shooting games are the most popular genre on the market (ESA, 2016). Many of these games includes violence, gore and sexuality. Even â€Å"E† rated games can provide gender discrimination, hypersexualization and violence without blood. Many youth wants to play video games because of its trend. With all the violence happening in the world like school shootings, homicides, domestic abuse. Many factors can affect these sad events such as different personality trait of the individual, different parenting style, multiple external factors, gender representation and masculine norms. A literature review was done to examine the determinants of violence and video games. Literature Review Violent behavior A new media. Television used to be the issue regarding violent behaviors. Nowadays, the table has turned. Video games are becoming the new era of technology. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) illustrated that video games were particularly â€Å"harmful because they are interactive, and encourage role-playing, which serves as a virtual rehearsal for actual violence† (Harvard medical school, 2010). In fact, the APP and the American Academy of Child Adolescent PsychiatryShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review On Media Violence1461 Words   |  6 Pagesexposure to media violence positively correlates with subsequent violent behaviour In this era of internet connectivity, access to an array of violent media stimuli is readily available. Scientific exploration of the effects of such exposure on real world violent behaviour carries potential ramifications for the safety of global communities. Media violence is understood here as stimuli that includes depictions of violence or calls to violent action and includes image, video, television andRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesMany parents in today’s society are adamant about their teenagers refraining from playing violent video games. Specifically, parents worry about their children playing mature-rated video games that feature blood, gore, vulgar language, use of drugs, and intense violence. Quite a few of these parents believe that their children can be heavily influenced by these brutal video games, which will in turn raise their teenagers to become violent, aggressive, and criminal minded individuals. In hindsightRead MoreViolent Video Games And Its Influence On Behavior1187 Words   |  5 PagesViolent Video Games and Its Influence on Aggressive Behaviors What images pop up in your head when you hear the word aggression? Have you ever thought whether violence portrayed in different forms of media make people more aggressive? The immediate reaction to such a word is fighting or violence. Many issues are determinants of aggression but media violence has played a huge role in influencing aggressive behavior. Over the past years, aggression has been tied to numerous video games thatRead MoreImpact of Technologies on Teenagers1700 Words   |  7 Pagesfurther development of information technologies, many other technologies appeared. The main of them are the following ones: iPhones, iPads, and many others. Technologies have produced a great impact on teenagers: phones, television, Internet, and video games have many advantages and disadvantages; they are able to make people technologically informed, but they produce a negative impact on people’s health simultaneously. The invention of mobile phones has produced a great impact on people all overRead MoreEffects of Video Games on Childrens Behavior1744 Words   |  7 PagesAn analysis about the effects of video games on children behavior Effect of Video Games on Children’s Behavior Introduction Social scientists have been examining the effect that video games have on behavior. From the introduction of video games in the 1980s, there have been numerous research studies to this effect (Andersen Taylor, 2008). The issue has become even more significant in the modern context because these video games have become bloodier and more realistic than ever before. EvenRead MoreThe Effects Of Playing Video Games On Adolescents1554 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescents Playing Video Games An Issue Analysis Essay Introduction: Are there people who have never played video games at least once in their adolescence? You might recall some happy memories of playing video games with your best friends or that your parents punished you because you spent a lot of time playing video games. Most school teachers and parents are apt to think that playing video games in adolescence might only have negative impacts on adolescents. Playing video games is considered oneRead MoreReduced Energy Expenditure And Prevalence Obesity Rates Among Children928 Words   |  4 Pagesobesity, the roles of economics, society, and the environmental are very obvious. These variants all fall within a category known as social determinants of health. The Impact of Social Determinants on Childhood Obesity Circumstances and surroundings into which people are born into, grow up, live around, work under and age are defined as social determinants of health. The dissemination of resources, money, and power at the regional, nationwide and global levels shape these circumstances. It needsRead MoreEssay on Dealing with Aggression2122 Words   |  9 Pagesis to be condemned (Hirsch 1981). What is the difference between the three? The Webster’s Dictionary defines assertive as â€Å"positive; aggressive; and dogmatic.† Aggression is defined as â€Å"an unprovoked offensive attack, invasion, or the like† and violence as â€Å"rough or injurious physical force, action, or treatment; an unjust or unwarranted exertion of force or power...(1993). These dictionary definitions are obviously different from that of psychologists, social workers and psychiatrists. AggressionRead MoreThe Criminal Lawsuit And Rape1640 Words   |  7 Pagesthat this happened at the federal level shows how pervasive our modern rape culture is. According to the preamble of Transforming a Rape Culture, our modern rape culture can be defined as â€Å"beliefs that encourage male sexual aggression and support violence against women† (Buchwald, Fletcher, and Roth 7). While the definition is straight- forward, there are many different aspects of rape culture that vary to certain degrees and most people wouldn’t catch. These microaggressions are seen as less importantRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1943 Words   |  8 Pagesproblem that can be seen across all types of media: violence. Violence can be seen as a distraught way to get over problems. There is judgement issues involved for violence. It is done by bullies in school, adults at a bar, gangs on the streets, but there is no greater effect on children, pertaining to violence, than the media. It is very destructive and could harm the youth in a mental way. Children are exposed to massive amounts of depictions of violence in many forms of media, and have become desensitized

Comparing the Secular Humanist, Machiavelli and the...

Comparing the Secular Humanist, Machiavelli and the Religious Humanist, Erasmus One can often identify a persons political, religious or cultural orientation by his or her reaction to certain words. A case in point is the expression secular humanism. For religious conservatives those words sum up much of what is wrong with contemporary society. Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary gives several definitions for humanism, a word which made its appearance in 1832. The first is a devotion to the humanities or the revival of class, individualistic and critical spirit, and emphasis on secular concerns characteristic of the Renaissance. Renaissance is capitalized. Another definition reads as follows: a doctrine, attitude, or†¦show more content†¦Because it is difficult to reach agreement on values, why we exist or what we should do, Western society has concentrated on the how of life. If you cant answer a hard question, ask an easier one. For example, we may not be able to describe love, but we have made enormous progress on the description of the physical manifestations of sexual arousal. I am reminded of a character in Ambiguous Adventure, a French African novel, who is advising her brother to send his child to a Western school. She tells him, We must learn from the West the art of conquering without being in the ri ght. By that statement she recognizes the divorce between power and morality. When you read the short excerpts from Machiavellis The Prince from our text I hope that he made you feel angry and defensive. Reading Machiavelli makes me bristle; I want to argue with him. His formulas for political success contradict my most basic religious beliefs, those I have held from childhood, and help me to see why Mennonites have traditionally been so suspicious of politics. And yet I know that his pragmatic approach is the very basis of modern political theory. Because we have, as citizens of the twentieth century, to a large extent followed his advice, I am put on the defensive. I am astonished to see how

The Failure of the IT Projects in Project Management Free Sample

Question: Write a Report on Failure of the IT Project. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the failure of the IT projects and reasons behind it along with two examples where the project failed miserably. All kinds of companies perform two types of work in which one are based on operations and other is based on projects and because of the repetitive quality of operation, it can be convenient to systematically organize the processes (An et al., 2014). At the same time, since there is fixed start and end dates to the project, it becomes unique and also consists of different kinds of team players. It is also more challenging to properly systematize and also grow right kinds of methods and procedures. Following are some of the reasons for the failure of the IT project: - Problem in communication: there are number of people who become part of an IT project and this is why keeping an open communication among all these people become very challenging. This further makes a negative kind of impact on the project and this further leads to communication issues like less clarity about the roles and duties or lack in understanding the needs of the project and mismanagement while fulfilling the needs of the projects (An et al., 2014). There are times when the employees dedicate their time mostly on finding the right solution instead of really understanding the main or the actual issue. They usually fail to understand the basic facts about the issue. Inadequate planning: it is important to understand that planning is very important since it save the company from any kind of poor performance. This especially is the case with most of the IT projects. They require proper planning and ironically, the IT department doesnt spend time to just sit and figure out on how to achieve the targeted goal. This is why it leads to problems like improper objective or failure to number of factors in proper money or time (Kaur and Sengupta, 2013). Improper technologies: following are some of the factors in a project that can lead to failure in terms of technicality: - Improper usage of language which happens since the different preferences of the leader of the team. An inexperienced employee in IT project can be big issue since he or she will face problems in properly fulfilling the program (Kaur and Sengupta, 2013). Following are strategies to avoid the reasons of failures It is very important to ensure that each employee of the team or department is well-aligned with the needs of the project as well as their role is ensures that it can be properly fulfilled. Also there must be frequent or continuous communication among all the parties (Jrgensen, 2014). It is also very important to understand issue well and then find the appropriate solution for it. It is important for the organizations to understand the issue in proper manner and from every perspective and then find the right solution for the same that can help in actually improving the practices in the organization (Jrgensen, 2014). A right plan must contain right procedure, processes, right technique and the software. Moreover, right people must be assigning for the right job in the project. In the ends, the company has to very careful while aligning the technology with the existing program. In addition it is also important to ensure that every person has the right role and he or she must be capable of finishing it properly (Sweis, 2015). Following are some of the examples of IT projects that have been unsuccessful: - Civilian IT project of NHS: - NHS stands for National Health Services and it is one of the public funded systems in healthcare department in UK. It is considered one of the biggest and largest healthcare structures perceived as single payer as well. The organization made some amazing plans to make a single electronic healthcare record structure for every citizen of the country. The main aim was to provide services to forty thousand GPs and be available in as many hospitals as possible. This is why, the project is considered as one of the biggest projects in IT (Hussain et al., 2016). However, it is important to understand that rate of failure in IT industry is very high and since the project is one of the largest, it was obvious that it was conducted with lot of risk as well as there were issues as well. It is also important to note the project was funded by taxpayer and it led to high chances of failure and the case become more popular. The project initiated with big plans which were too grand for them to handle and they started with rapidly. Also it was astronomical by size and it is always very challenging to finish it in successful manner. As per the facts, the project aims to serve almost forty thousand GPs and cover more than three hundred hospitals and further claimed to be one of the biggest projects in civil IT (Hussain et al., 2016). In addition, it all came down to central core where the EHR facility was elaborated one of the significant reason of huge IT project fail. The overall system which was provided through EHRs was initiated by designing by huge team in central and further intended as complete and huge replacement for so many HER systems. In addition it will be better to base the work on the evolutionary kinds of acquisition which means it is important to mention, execute and also deploy along with right evaluation a sequence of finished IT systems. It is also a process that must be control by the associated stakeholders who are involved in the project. The authority should also be left from starting with all the hospitals and other normal practitioners and their trust to get systems in IT that is perfect for the number of priorities and environment. There must also be some kind adherence to reduced constraints or limitations and also use some services located centrally (Srivastava et al., 2016). Star Wars program of US Reagen based administration: the cost of the project was around thirty billion USD which is equal to expenditure of around sixty to hundred billion USD in the year 2013. The initiative was also called as strategic defense initiative or SDI. In addition, it is also proposed to utilize some weapons at ground level and also exist in space in order to shoot it down the incoming missiles coming from Soviet Union (Srivastava et al., 2016). The project was almost impossible to execute by just using the technology at that time. Also it is also crucial to develop the required technology that will be needed almost ten year ago of efforts. Also, at this time, Soviet Union was non-existent and the project never developed completely however, in todays time, it exist on defense agency and the main aims is on the short term anti-ballistics. Following are some reasons for its failure in US military projects: - The investment was very risky since the project of the military is commonly elaborated with a lot of military upside that has the power to balance the low chances of achieving any success (Garca-Quevedo et al., 2016). The project aimed at spending more money than some brains to actually implement it properly. In this project the expenditure becomes an end. Number of authors and researchers also claims that Soviet Union bankrupted since the whole efforts was after keeping align with USA. The RD projects of US are quite ambitious and Soviet Union tried to follow the same strategy. this is why, the Star Wars series was one of the most unrealistic projects by the military of US which was expected to fail however still accomplish some success in indirect manner (Almgren, 2014). Conclusion It is important to understand that many projects that did not finished on estimated time or were over budget or the scope varied over a period of time are more prone to failure. There are number of many issues or failures that can actually take the project down as disused in the report (Albliwi et al., 2014). The main aim of the essay was to understand some basic reasons for failure since many teams in project are based on at least three kinds of players that also include management at executive level or managers involved in projects as well as the team members or other kind of resources. All such issues are discussed in the essay along with two real time failure of big IT projects and the reasons behind it (Creasy, 2017). Reference An, J., Quercia, D. and Crowcroft, J., 2014, April. Recommending investors for crowdfunding projects. InProceedings of the 23rd international conference on World wide web(pp. 261-270). ACM. Kaur, R. and Sengupta, J., 2013. Software process models and analysis on failure of software development projects.arXiv preprint arXiv:1306.1068. Jrgensen, M., 2014. Failure factors of small software projects at a global outsourcing marketplace.Journal of systems and software,92, pp.157-169. Sweis, R., 2015. An Investigation of Failure in Information Systems Projects: The Case of Jordan.Journal of Management Research,7(1), pp.173-185. Hussain, A., Mkpojiogu, E.O. and Kamal, F.M., 2016. The Role of Requirements in the Success or Failure of Software Projects.International Review of Management and Marketing,6(7S). Srivastava, S.K., Prasad, P. and Varma, S.P., 2016. Evolving predictor variable estimation model for Web engineering projects.Covenant Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology,2(1). Garca-Quevedo, J., Segarra-Blasco, A. and Teruel, M., 2016. Financial constraints and the failure of innovation projects. Almgren, K., 2014. Information technology project management processes and practices: A comprehensive study for successful implementation of IT projects.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(11). Albliwi, S., Antony, J., Abdul Halim Lim, S. and van der Wiele, T., 2014. Critical failure factors of Lean Six Sigma: a systematic literature review.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,31(9), pp.1012-1030. Creasy, T., 2017. SUBJECT TO REVIEW: Factors that lead to success or failure in healthcare projects.Quality Progress,50(2), p.24.

Reading/Writing Assignment #3 “Luck” Essay Example

Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† Essay Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† 1. In Greek Mythology, King Midas was a Phrygian king. He was given the ability to turn everything he touched into gold by Dionysus. The Midas touch can be interpreted as the ability to make money or the ability to make success. Mark Twain applies this in the story â€Å"Luck† by comparing Scoresby with King Midas. Because every blunder Scoresby made turned into something worth praising about, it seemed like he had the Midas touch. 2. A close reading is a detailed analyzing of a specific passage or poem. It is like using a magnifying glass to zoom in to see the details. It is used to explain characters, situations, ideas, word selections and etc. 3. By analyzing the two paragraphs in depth, the reader gets a better understanding of the style of Twain’s writing. In the essay, the vocabulary is examined in detail and the choice of words is compared to the situations and the settings. Based on these examinations, the essay explains how they are directly relevant to Twain’s comical sense. When reading the whole story, the reader does not get the comedy in his writing. However, when in depth, it comes out. 4. According to Dictionary. com, a sketch is a brief usually descriptive and informal essay or other literary composition. A sketch may have very little or no plot at all. Twain’s â€Å"Luck† is more of a sketch than a short story because it didn’t have that much of a plot. It focused mainly on the impression and thought of the reverend on Scoresby. 5. I have never experienced a situation similar to the one in â€Å"Luck†. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I might have, but I just do not remember. However, I can relate to the reverend’s situation if I put myself into the story. For example, if I happened to be working at a mid-level office job and one of my co-workers had gotten promoted because of a blunder, I would be furious. I would feel even worse if I had helped him out. He would not know what to do in the upper-level job and he might make even more mistakes and ruin everything! Hopefully I never have to experience this in real life.

The Failed Inventions of Thomas Alva Edison

The Failed Inventions of Thomas Alva Edison Thomas Alva Edison held 1,093 patents for different inventions. Many of them, like the lightbulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera, were brilliant creations that have a huge influence on our everyday life. However, not everything he created was a success; he also had a few failures. Edison, of course, had a predictably inventive take on the projects that didn’t quite work the way he expected. â€Å"I have not failed 10,000 times, â€Å" he said, â€Å"I’ve successfully found 10,000 ways that will not work.† Electrographic Vote Recorder The inventor’s first patented invention was an electrographic vote recorder to be used by governing bodies. The machine let officials cast their votes and then quickly calculated the tally. To Edison, this was an efficient tool for government. But politicians didn’t share his enthusiasm, apparently fearing the device might limit negotiations and vote trading.   Cement One concept that never took off was Edisons interest in using cement to build things. He formed the Edison Portland Cement Co. in 1899 and made everything from cabinets (for phonographs) to pianos and houses. Unfortunately, at the time, concrete was too expensive and the idea was never accepted. The cement business wasnt a total failure, though. His company was hired to build Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. Talking Pictures From the beginning of the creation of motion pictures, many people tried to combine film and sound to make talking motion pictures. Here you can see to the left an example of an early film attempting to combine sound with pictures made by Edisons assistant, W.K.L. Dickson. By 1895, Edison had created the Kinetophone- a Kinetoscope (peep-hole motion picture viewer) with a phonograph that played inside the cabinet. Sound could be heard through two ear tubes while the viewer watched the images. This creation never really took off, and by 1915 Edison abandoned the idea of sound motion pictures. Talking Doll One invention Edison had was just too far ahead of its time: The Talking Doll. A fill century before Tickle Me Elmo became a talking toy sensation, Edison imported dolls from Germany and inserted tiny phonographs into them. In March 1890, the dolls went on sale.  Customers complained that the dolls were too fragile and when they worked, the recordings sounded awful. The toy bombed. Electric Pen Trying to solve the problem of making copies of the same document in an efficient manner, Edison came up with an electric pen. The device, powered by a battery and small motor, punched small holes through paper to create a stencil of the document you were creating on wax paper and make copies by rolling ink over it.   Unfortunately, the pens weren’t, as we say now, user-friendly. The battery required maintenance, the $30 price tag was steep, and they were noisy. Edison abandoned the project.

Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making

which in tern routinizes administration. These tools cannot be used appropriately to manage of incalculable entities. The functional rationality approach is when activities precisely planned and estimated to reach some goal. This method is unlikely to be used by top managers because another important factors are involved such as ego or personal altitude. If there is no special procedure for a particular problem, manager should focus on how to turn a situation into the right way in accordance with expectations from their boss. Some managerial people cannot make their own judgments. Instead, they are looking up and looking around for someone else’s opinion and finally they rely on it because of personal fears or inexperience. Another example of it is the mid-level decision-making paralysis in many American companies when a manager is trying to avoid of making a decision. In the case of inevitable decision, he or she would engage as many colleagues as possible for self-protection. Many examples of recent administrative and economic problems within American companies have showed the tendency that managers are oriented to the short-term period when making decisions. This is due to the fact that MBA programs provide tools which are focuses mostly on a short-term attitude. The second reason would be that managers are under pressure for annual, quarterly, monthly and daily results and these factors push they out of thinking about the future, even though they realise that today’s minor difficulties could be tomorrow’s big crises. Managers are also aware of blame time and when things go wrong it is necessary to be protected from consequences. This is the reason why they gravitate towards this fear being punished rather than reflecting critically. Bureaucracy disrupts working processes into parts and the results of the work therefore disconnected with the decisions, which had been made. Manager’s productivity depends on the position within management circle or their supervisors. There is no codes or systems for tracking personal responsibilities to be established. To be successful manager means to move quickly within the levels of managerial hierarchy. It protects from going into problems too deeply at every level. Example I worked for four years as an instrument engineer in the Natural gas industry in Russia. I was involved into the decision making process associated with planning resources and finances for further projects and discussions about engineering-related difficulties. Firstly, when the question was complicated and involves financial resources, I checked the parameters of equipment many times and sent the results to my boss. When I received the confirmation from him, I printed it out and managed the necessary signatures on it. I did not want to be responsible for any inconvenience because my boss has to carry out this kind of responsibility. It was extremely important for me as a lower-level manager to have the document that proves that all things are done in time and approved by middle-level manager. In case of inconveniences such as the late commissioning phase of facilities I showed the documents that all the steps were completed by me on time. Reading 4. 2 Â  Reason, J. (1990) The general view on accident’s causes within complex technological systems includes theoretical framework which is not only provides the data on how dangerous factors could be combined themselves, but also where and how to predict these tendencies and take necessary measures beforehand. There are many elements of production, which are also involved into accident causation. Fallible high-level manager’s decisions are a major contributing factor to an increase in risk, followed by the lack of line management, which in turn causes dangerous preconditions and unsafe acts (intended and unintended). The latter are based on human’s psychological characteristics and conditions and are described as a combination of both potential hazards and errors, which could cause injury or damage. Likewise, a trajectory of an opportunity includes all these factors plus safeguards and productive events. Each of these has a window of opportunity in terms of an accident incidence. Therefore damage is highly possible when this trajectory is crossing all the windows at all the stages of production. The safe operation control consists of two features – feedback and response. The theory points out that the most successful approach to manage the safety is by taken into consideration the failure types rather than the failure tokens. According to Westrum (1988) there are three groups of auctions – denial, repair and reform. The successful organization is taken actions in responding to safely data from the reform (bottom level). The fundamental distribution error relates to a personal incompetence of employee while on the other hand the fundamental surprise error is the situation when personal observation differs to a reality. Thus, taken into consideration these terms and experience from the past major accidents such as Chernobyl, the nature of a malfunction has to be considered not only as pure technical but also as socio-technical. The people’s contribution to accidents is dominating the machine failure risk. Example I investigated many serious accidents related to the natural gas transportation process. For instance, one emergency stop of the 3. 2-megawatt gas turbine was caused by the malfunction of a frequency meter. After an analysis of reports I concluded that technical maintenance of this device was conducted improperly. A responsible worker forgot to finish one procedure related to the metrology accuracy of this piece of equipment. Another example is when other gas turbine was stopped by alarm during normal working cycle. The reason for that was unplanned and uncoordinated upgrade of its automatic control system (ACS). From my point of view, the modern technology is very reliable and ACS is highly faultness but social factors as well as poor decision making are of the major reasons for emergency situations. For instance, social factors in Russia are included a low salary and the lack of a proper education. Reading 6. Beach (1993) A descriptive Image theory focuses on people’s individual decisions rather than group ones, and it is directly opposite to prescriptive classical theory of making decisions. There are also three decision-related images (structures), which have to be possessed by a decision maker. The value image is based on personal principles, behavior and beliefs. These are the sou rce for generating goals. Thus, the ultimate criteria for this is when the decision maker consider the values to be relevant. Therefore potential goals and actions, if they are inconsistent with the relevant principles, will be refused. The second image, which is called the trajectory image, includes potential goals, which have to be set and the third one, the strategic image, focuses on actions and plans that have to be performed for achieving targets. The important parts of the third image are tactic and forecast, which would be a crucial factors for monitoring a realisation progress of a particular goal. Decision-making process consists of two types of decisions such as adoption and progress which include the implementation of the compatibility and profitability tests. The compatibility test is based on both types of decisions and compares candidates to three images, whereas in contrast the profitability test relates to the adoption decision only and uses the outcome after performing the compatibility test. For instance, the compatibility test selects few candidates, who successfully crossed through a selection criteria and the profitability test therefore chooses the best candidate from the previous sorting. Another important part of the Image theory is the process of framing decisions which is the action when the goal is identified and the plan is alled back if one exists. The data from the practical research suggests that it is unlikely that the decision maker tend to change the selection criteria without changes in principles, goals and plans. Example I was involved into the process of interviewing new workers within the Natural gas industry. I had to employ personnel with sufficient technical knowledge and skills because they have to work with in hazardous areas and on potentially dangerous equipment. As a team leader I was hoping to find highly qualified workers with extensive experience for an average amount of salary. After performing several meetings and consultations with potential staff within this salary category I concluded that no one was able to pass the criteria and possess theoretical knowledge and practical achievements from previous work experience. Because of that I decided to change the working images by changing the criteria. Therefore, I focused on workers who possess theoretical knowledge with engineering ideas in complex. Although they did not have extensive experience, they satisfied basic criteria and were able to perform tasks within their role (maintenance and repair). And after this correction of principles I recruited staff for my team successfully. Reading 7. 3Â  Janis (1971) Groupthink is a way of thinking when members behave with a high level of concurrence and tend to adopt a soft line of criticism on colleague’s ideas or even on every critical issue. This is why they make inhumane decisions easily with serious consequences such as the huge number of people’s deaths. The more cohesive the group, the more the risk that the decision will be proposed without the deep analysis of other choices. There are eight major symptoms of groupthink such as invulnerability, irrationality, ignorance of moral principles, stereotyped and unrealistic positions, group pressure against any critical views, member’s self-censorship, unanimity tendency within a group and the mind guard which is to protect the decision from any kind of the feedback. These indicators are typical for a bad decision making process which in tern may results the inhumane decision with serious consequences. Several steps could be adopted to prevent any group from group thinking. In this case criticism should be accepted not only by members but also by a leader. Wide range of alternatives should also be taken into account as possible options. In a case of vital decisions several groups with different leaders should be established to work on the same problem. Before the final decision is made each member should discuss considerations in its unit of organisation and then provide a final response to the group. An outside expert should be invited to all meetings. One decision-maker within the group should criticise a position of the majority. In the case of consensus the group should organise the final meeting for listening and discussing any doubts against the final decision. Although these actions have also drawbacks. For instance, when growing crisis requests an immediate solution there is no time for discussions and implementing many steps for decision making. Another example might be that the risk of the leakage of vital information would significantly increases when outside specialists are involved. All in all, it seems to be clear that top priority should be given in the prevention of any policymaking unit from the group thinking. Behavioral scientists should also be involved into these processes. Example During my work in Russia a groupthink was played a crucial role because of many factors. Firstly, my colleagues were really close to each other and the company’s social policy was developed for this purpose. Therefore, we spent some days playing games and sports altogether. This resulted in the number of small close-connected teams within the group. Another point is that my boss had a top role during all the process of discussion. Therefore, I had een many examples of bad decision-making. For instance, the only criticism from experienced and old colleagues was taken into account despite obvious things that were given by young professionals. Another factor is that the small teams did know how to play games within this environment and how to speculate. From my point of view, taking into consideration the long-term period, most of the final decisions were satisfactory but insufficient. It means that the p rojects were performed according to the rules and practices within timelines. But it can be clearly seen that due to the lack of criticism, for example, the total cost of the projects was increased. This way if the rules and steps of good decision practice were implemented, the cost and efficiency would significantly increase. Reading 8. 2Â  Callon (1987) The development of the technology has been explained by many social scientists using different available methods but they have not taken into account the point that the issue of the technology itself can also be represented as a sociological tool for an analysis. This also leads to the changes in understanding the dynamics of technology. There are two sociological views on the dynamic of consumption, which were developed by sociologists Touraine and Bourdieu. Touraine showed that French consumers’ behavior mostly dictated by large monopolies and industry, whereas in contrast Bourdieu pointed out that competition between social classes within French society taken the first place in terms of consumption of goods and services. Therefore these theories were shown by battle between engineers of two powerful French companies in the early 1970s: Electricite de France (EDF) and Renault. Despite the fact that both of them successfully proposed the concept of an electric car (VEL), the EDF’s theory failed because of unsolved technological difficulties related to the area of science and economy of the VEL, but the Renault did survive in the market because it focuses on not only the technological factors but also on rational views. This is the controversial result, because from the sociological point of view Renault’ specialists won this battle by a chance nor by implementing genius technological ideas. This experience of engineers-sociologists is possible to use as a new methodological tool for exploring large sections of society as well as researching within the value of role of social movements in the progress of consumption. There is also a helpful tool which is named the actor network. It is the case when company’s technological strategy supported by many sections of society. It describes the dynamics of society in completely different way without using sociological explanations. Firstly, in the case of implications of radical innovations within a technological sector engineers must mix technical and scientific analysis with sociology. Secondly, the actors network approach is efficient because it takes into account outside factors, which are related to common concepts of systems. Example I was responsible for implementing the concept of using compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel for private cars and municipal buses instead of regular petrol. I was focused on the public transport such as buses because of the potential reduction of pollutions as well as the decrease of the total cost of fuel consumption. Moreover, it was easier to install the necessary equipment on buses because the government agreed to subsidise the cost of these modifications. Whereas in contrast I concluded that private car owners would not agree with this idea because the Siberian region in Russia is a large area and the number of CNG filing stations was limited to only 7. Thus, it was clear for me that using CNG fuel people could not travel between major cities which is crucial factor. This approach was based on social behavior of people and their habits. Therefore, the main target for our new policy was a municipal transport within major cities. Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making which in tern routinizes administration. These tools cannot be used appropriately to manage of incalculable entities. The functional rationality approach is when activities precisely planned and estimated to reach some goal. This method is unlikely to be used by top managers because another important factors are involved such as ego or personal altitude. If there is no special procedure for a particular problem, manager should focus on how to turn a situation into the right way in accordance with expectations from their boss. Some managerial people cannot make their own judgments. Instead, they are looking up and looking around for someone else’s opinion and finally they rely on it because of personal fears or inexperience. Another example of it is the mid-level decision-making paralysis in many American companies when a manager is trying to avoid of making a decision. In the case of inevitable decision, he or she would engage as many colleagues as possible for self-protection. Many examples of recent administrative and economic problems within American companies have showed the tendency that managers are oriented to the short-term period when making decisions. This is due to the fact that MBA programs provide tools which are focuses mostly on a short-term attitude. The second reason would be that managers are under pressure for annual, quarterly, monthly and daily results and these factors push they out of thinking about the future, even though they realise that today’s minor difficulties could be tomorrow’s big crises. Managers are also aware of blame time and when things go wrong it is necessary to be protected from consequences. This is the reason why they gravitate towards this fear being punished rather than reflecting critically. Bureaucracy disrupts working processes into parts and the results of the work therefore disconnected with the decisions, which had been made. Manager’s productivity depends on the position within management circle or their supervisors. There is no codes or systems for tracking personal responsibilities to be established. To be successful manager means to move quickly within the levels of managerial hierarchy. It protects from going into problems too deeply at every level. Example I worked for four years as an instrument engineer in the Natural gas industry in Russia. I was involved into the decision making process associated with planning resources and finances for further projects and discussions about engineering-related difficulties. Firstly, when the question was complicated and involves financial resources, I checked the parameters of equipment many times and sent the results to my boss. When I received the confirmation from him, I printed it out and managed the necessary signatures on it. I did not want to be responsible for any inconvenience because my boss has to carry out this kind of responsibility. It was extremely important for me as a lower-level manager to have the document that proves that all things are done in time and approved by middle-level manager. In case of inconveniences such as the late commissioning phase of facilities I showed the documents that all the steps were completed by me on time. Reading 4. 2 Â  Reason, J. (1990) The general view on accident’s causes within complex technological systems includes theoretical framework which is not only provides the data on how dangerous factors could be combined themselves, but also where and how to predict these tendencies and take necessary measures beforehand. There are many elements of production, which are also involved into accident causation. Fallible high-level manager’s decisions are a major contributing factor to an increase in risk, followed by the lack of line management, which in turn causes dangerous preconditions and unsafe acts (intended and unintended). The latter are based on human’s psychological characteristics and conditions and are described as a combination of both potential hazards and errors, which could cause injury or damage. Likewise, a trajectory of an opportunity includes all these factors plus safeguards and productive events. Each of these has a window of opportunity in terms of an accident incidence. Therefore damage is highly possible when this trajectory is crossing all the windows at all the stages of production. The safe operation control consists of two features – feedback and response. The theory points out that the most successful approach to manage the safety is by taken into consideration the failure types rather than the failure tokens. According to Westrum (1988) there are three groups of auctions – denial, repair and reform. The successful organization is taken actions in responding to safely data from the reform (bottom level). The fundamental distribution error relates to a personal incompetence of employee while on the other hand the fundamental surprise error is the situation when personal observation differs to a reality. Thus, taken into consideration these terms and experience from the past major accidents such as Chernobyl, the nature of a malfunction has to be considered not only as pure technical but also as socio-technical. The people’s contribution to accidents is dominating the machine failure risk. Example I investigated many serious accidents related to the natural gas transportation process. For instance, one emergency stop of the 3. 2-megawatt gas turbine was caused by the malfunction of a frequency meter. After an analysis of reports I concluded that technical maintenance of this device was conducted improperly. A responsible worker forgot to finish one procedure related to the metrology accuracy of this piece of equipment. Another example is when other gas turbine was stopped by alarm during normal working cycle. The reason for that was unplanned and uncoordinated upgrade of its automatic control system (ACS). From my point of view, the modern technology is very reliable and ACS is highly faultness but social factors as well as poor decision making are of the major reasons for emergency situations. For instance, social factors in Russia are included a low salary and the lack of a proper education. Reading 6. Beach (1993) A descriptive Image theory focuses on people’s individual decisions rather than group ones, and it is directly opposite to prescriptive classical theory of making decisions. There are also three decision-related images (structures), which have to be possessed by a decision maker. The value image is based on personal principles, behavior and beliefs. These are the sou rce for generating goals. Thus, the ultimate criteria for this is when the decision maker consider the values to be relevant. Therefore potential goals and actions, if they are inconsistent with the relevant principles, will be refused. The second image, which is called the trajectory image, includes potential goals, which have to be set and the third one, the strategic image, focuses on actions and plans that have to be performed for achieving targets. The important parts of the third image are tactic and forecast, which would be a crucial factors for monitoring a realisation progress of a particular goal. Decision-making process consists of two types of decisions such as adoption and progress which include the implementation of the compatibility and profitability tests. The compatibility test is based on both types of decisions and compares candidates to three images, whereas in contrast the profitability test relates to the adoption decision only and uses the outcome after performing the compatibility test. For instance, the compatibility test selects few candidates, who successfully crossed through a selection criteria and the profitability test therefore chooses the best candidate from the previous sorting. Another important part of the Image theory is the process of framing decisions which is the action when the goal is identified and the plan is alled back if one exists. The data from the practical research suggests that it is unlikely that the decision maker tend to change the selection criteria without changes in principles, goals and plans. Example I was involved into the process of interviewing new workers within the Natural gas industry. I had to employ personnel with sufficient technical knowledge and skills because they have to work with in hazardous areas and on potentially dangerous equipment. As a team leader I was hoping to find highly qualified workers with extensive experience for an average amount of salary. After performing several meetings and consultations with potential staff within this salary category I concluded that no one was able to pass the criteria and possess theoretical knowledge and practical achievements from previous work experience. Because of that I decided to change the working images by changing the criteria. Therefore, I focused on workers who possess theoretical knowledge with engineering ideas in complex. Although they did not have extensive experience, they satisfied basic criteria and were able to perform tasks within their role (maintenance and repair). And after this correction of principles I recruited staff for my team successfully. Reading 7. 3Â  Janis (1971) Groupthink is a way of thinking when members behave with a high level of concurrence and tend to adopt a soft line of criticism on colleague’s ideas or even on every critical issue. This is why they make inhumane decisions easily with serious consequences such as the huge number of people’s deaths. The more cohesive the group, the more the risk that the decision will be proposed without the deep analysis of other choices. There are eight major symptoms of groupthink such as invulnerability, irrationality, ignorance of moral principles, stereotyped and unrealistic positions, group pressure against any critical views, member’s self-censorship, unanimity tendency within a group and the mind guard which is to protect the decision from any kind of the feedback. These indicators are typical for a bad decision making process which in tern may results the inhumane decision with serious consequences. Several steps could be adopted to prevent any group from group thinking. In this case criticism should be accepted not only by members but also by a leader. Wide range of alternatives should also be taken into account as possible options. In a case of vital decisions several groups with different leaders should be established to work on the same problem. Before the final decision is made each member should discuss considerations in its unit of organisation and then provide a final response to the group. An outside expert should be invited to all meetings. One decision-maker within the group should criticise a position of the majority. In the case of consensus the group should organise the final meeting for listening and discussing any doubts against the final decision. Although these actions have also drawbacks. For instance, when growing crisis requests an immediate solution there is no time for discussions and implementing many steps for decision making. Another example might be that the risk of the leakage of vital information would significantly increases when outside specialists are involved. All in all, it seems to be clear that top priority should be given in the prevention of any policymaking unit from the group thinking. Behavioral scientists should also be involved into these processes. Example During my work in Russia a groupthink was played a crucial role because of many factors. Firstly, my colleagues were really close to each other and the company’s social policy was developed for this purpose. Therefore, we spent some days playing games and sports altogether. This resulted in the number of small close-connected teams within the group. Another point is that my boss had a top role during all the process of discussion. Therefore, I had een many examples of bad decision-making. For instance, the only criticism from experienced and old colleagues was taken into account despite obvious things that were given by young professionals. Another factor is that the small teams did know how to play games within this environment and how to speculate. From my point of view, taking into consideration the long-term period, most of the final decisions were satisfactory but insufficient. It means that the p rojects were performed according to the rules and practices within timelines. But it can be clearly seen that due to the lack of criticism, for example, the total cost of the projects was increased. This way if the rules and steps of good decision practice were implemented, the cost and efficiency would significantly increase. Reading 8. 2Â  Callon (1987) The development of the technology has been explained by many social scientists using different available methods but they have not taken into account the point that the issue of the technology itself can also be represented as a sociological tool for an analysis. This also leads to the changes in understanding the dynamics of technology. There are two sociological views on the dynamic of consumption, which were developed by sociologists Touraine and Bourdieu. Touraine showed that French consumers’ behavior mostly dictated by large monopolies and industry, whereas in contrast Bourdieu pointed out that competition between social classes within French society taken the first place in terms of consumption of goods and services. Therefore these theories were shown by battle between engineers of two powerful French companies in the early 1970s: Electricite de France (EDF) and Renault. Despite the fact that both of them successfully proposed the concept of an electric car (VEL), the EDF’s theory failed because of unsolved technological difficulties related to the area of science and economy of the VEL, but the Renault did survive in the market because it focuses on not only the technological factors but also on rational views. This is the controversial result, because from the sociological point of view Renault’ specialists won this battle by a chance nor by implementing genius technological ideas. This experience of engineers-sociologists is possible to use as a new methodological tool for exploring large sections of society as well as researching within the value of role of social movements in the progress of consumption. There is also a helpful tool which is named the actor network. It is the case when company’s technological strategy supported by many sections of society. It describes the dynamics of society in completely different way without using sociological explanations. Firstly, in the case of implications of radical innovations within a technological sector engineers must mix technical and scientific analysis with sociology. Secondly, the actors network approach is efficient because it takes into account outside factors, which are related to common concepts of systems. Example I was responsible for implementing the concept of using compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel for private cars and municipal buses instead of regular petrol. I was focused on the public transport such as buses because of the potential reduction of pollutions as well as the decrease of the total cost of fuel consumption. Moreover, it was easier to install the necessary equipment on buses because the government agreed to subsidise the cost of these modifications. Whereas in contrast I concluded that private car owners would not agree with this idea because the Siberian region in Russia is a large area and the number of CNG filing stations was limited to only 7. Thus, it was clear for me that using CNG fuel people could not travel between major cities which is crucial factor. This approach was based on social behavior of people and their habits. Therefore, the main target for our new policy was a municipal transport within major cities.

Construction & Diagnostic of Recombinant DNA Plasmid Research Paper

Construction & Diagnostic of Recombinant DNA Plasmid - Research Paper Example The experiment established that the competency of cells increased greatly.   In the next experiment, running PCR provided me with an amplified His3 gene which is used in subsequent steps to transform haploid yeast. Transformation occurred through homologous recombination. The experiment proved that specific integration does occur although cases of non-specific integration are rampant. In the next experiment, I constructed a sub-clone of the HIS3 gene and inserted it into a plasmid pSP72 making a recombinant plasmid which I used to transform bacterial cells. In order to determine whether the integration was successful, I extracted the plasmid to analyze if the inserted gene was present. However, I established that integration had not been successful. Introduction One of the laboratory techniques that help in understanding the basics of knocking out genes is the standardized procedure of replacing the ADE2 gene responsible for adenine biosynthesis with HIS3 that is responsible for on e of the steps in histidine amino acids. The procedure involves production of a hybrid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the first step. The hybrid product constitute of the vector DNA template and the primers of choice. Running of the PCR major steps produces the hybrid product. Agarose gel electrophoresis helps in determining whether PCR amplification occurred. The next step involves the transformation of yeast cells with the hybrid PCR product. The last step involves analysis of r4esults and morphology of transformed yeast cells. Other experiments involve transforming competent Escherichia coli cells with the use of a plasmid as a vector. This transformation follows the recombinant DNA technology protocol. The general procedure starts with digestion of plasmid DNA and template DNA of interest with restriction enzymes to generate DNA fragments with sticky ends. The second step involves ligation of the DNA fragments using DNA ligase, forming a recombinant plasmid. The next step in volves insertion of the recombinant plasmid into the competent bacterial cells. The final step involves plating on appropriate media and selection of transformed cells. In addition, performing a backward procedure of isolating the plasmid from the transformed cells verifies insertion at the right locus. Laboratory 1: Transformation of Competent Bacteria Objective: Introduction of Plasmid DNA into E. coli cells and determination of transformation efficiency Materials and Reagents: Plasmid DNA Gene of interest SOC media LB-amp media Procedure: The protocol preferred was the High-Efficiency Transformation Protocol. However, a variation occurred with 2 µl of plasmid DNA. The high efficiency transformation protocol requires thawing of competent cells in ice for about ten minutes. The next step involves transfer of 50 µl of the cells to a transformation tube using a micropipette. Adding of 2 µl of plasmid DNA into the tube followed. The next step involved placing the mixture on ice for 20 minutes. Next, exposure of cells to heat shock at 42?C occurs, a process lasting 35 seconds. Following this was adding the right amount of SOC media to the cells. After this, incubation at 37C? for 40 minutes and subsequent vigorous shaking followed. Plating of the cells in LB-amp media and overnight incubation at 37?C was the last step. In the first experiment, plating of the concentrated cell mixture without dilution occurred. In subsequent trials, there was dilution of cell solution at different dilution ratios.

Vacation Memory About Namibia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vacation Memory About Namibia - Essay Example John is an American who had come to Africa in the seventies and had attempted to hike from Cairo to the Cape Town. However, when he had arrived in Botswana, he had fallen in love with the country and had chosen to settle. John had taken the liberty of hiring a vehicle for us and we all went to spend the night at his magnificent house on the outskirts of the city. Early the next morning, we left Gaborone and traveled south until we came to the Trans-Kalahari road, which connects all the countries that have the Kalahari Desert within their borders. It was here that my preconceptions of Africa being a backward place, a jungle, were forever shattered. The Kalahari Desert has a diverse ecosystem with some parts of it being semi-arid and inhabited by cattle keepers who own large ranches. Other parts are filled with sand dunes as far as the eye can see and within these, one is likely to find antelopes that have adapted to life in the desert. After every two hundred miles, there is a picnic area where long distance drivers take a break before continuing their journey. This is a measure that the government of Botswana has taken to ensure that accidents due to fatigue are avoided. We reached the Namibian border after eight hours on the road and the friendly customs officers quickly cleared us to cross into Namibia. Immediately one enters Namibia, he is struck by the level of organization that the people of this country have. One will note that all the buildings and roads are built in straight lines and that everybody is very orderly in all their activities. We were told that this characteristic was inherited from the Germans who were the first people to colonize Namibia after the partition of Africa. However, the place that fascinated me the most in this country was the city of Windhoek, which is the cleanest and best-organized city I have ever seen.

The Epistemology of Hegels Introduction to the Phenomenology of Spirit

The Epistemology of Hegel's Introduction to the Phenomenology of Spirit In his Phenomenology of Spirit, G.W.F. Hegel lays out a process by which one may come to know absolute truth. This process shows a gradual evolution from a state of "natural consciousness" (56) (1) to one of complete self-consciousness - which leads to an understanding of the "nature of absolute knowledge itself" (66). By understanding the relation between consciousness and truth, one may come to know the true nature of our existence. Hegel proposes to answer these questions in one bold stroke; he relates them in such a way as to make an infinitely complex and indiscernible universe a unitary whole. This process from a natural state to a kind of transcendence leads one from the chaos of the immediate to the sublimity of the universal. Consciousness begins as what Hegel calls "a natural consciousness" (56). That which is known to this consciousness "will prove to be knowledge only in conception, not in reality" (56). This kind of consciousness assumes knowledge of reality that is often refuted. Hegel says, "since natural consciousness does forthwith think it really knows, it views its own experiential course in a negative light, taking the very realization of its conception to be instead its own loss" (57), demonstrating the frailty of this method of thought. To respond to this shortcoming of consciousness, some might attempt to find an absolute absolved from one-sidedness, from sheer relativity to the knowing subject. Others will not respond this way, however, instead spinning off into apathy, subjectivism, or nihilism (59). Those who do attempt to find an objective truth most often turn to science. Some have suggested that the intellect is an ... ...s to relate to that reality at all. Thus as one comes to be fully aware of consciousness, one becomes fully aware of absolute reality. Hegel describes a way by which one may come to know absolute truth. This process shows a transition from a state of "natural consciousness" (56) to one of complete self-consciousness - which leads to an understanding of the "nature of absolute knowledge itself" (66). By understanding the relation between consciousness and truth, one may come to know the true nature of our existence. Thus, Hegel answers these questions in one bold stroke; he relates them in such a way as to make an infinitely complex and indiscernible universe a unitary whole. This whole is not only total self-consciousness, but also total awareness of absolute reality. 1. * Page References are to the unpublished translation by Peter Fuss and John Dobbins.

“An Indian Story” by Roger Jack Essay

In â€Å"An Indian Story† by Roger Jack is an example of family solidarity and care giving within a minority family. When Jack was just a young boy, his mother died, then his father remarried and started a new family that made the boy uncomfortable with his living situation. After that, he decided to go living with his late mother’s sister, Aunt Greta. It is an evident that even before he decided to move with Greta, Jack was very close to her when he stated, â€Å"I walked to Aunt Greta’s house and asked if I could move in with her since I had already spend so much time with her anyway†(53). This is our first example of the strong ties to extended family in this story. As the story progresses we learn that Greta has sacrificed not only for her nephew but for her father as well. Greta had been married for a long time but her husband just died five years into their marriage. The reason why Greta and her husband never had any children and she never remarried was because she took care of her father after her mother died. The fact that Greta looked after her father demonstrates another tight family bond and support for one another but it was also evident that the two share a close relationship. The author states, â€Å"She [Greta] had so much love and knowledge to share, which she passed on to me naturally and freely† (53). Hence, tradition was very important to Greta’s family as well as their Indian culture and Greta shared it with Jack. During the years, Jack and his aunt form an even stronger bond and she became a mother to him as they shared many adventures together.

Ethical Decision Making Ethical Decisions - 1533 Words

When making ethical decisions we as Christians use different sources to help us in deciding how we should respond to a given situation while staying true to our Christian faith and its values. The scholar Richard Hays identified these sources for ethical decision-making into four areas: Scripture, tradition, reason and experience. Neither of these is used in isolation, but work together to help us decide what would be ethically right to lead the â€Å"good life† and proclaim the Kingdom of God. Tradition refers to our understanding of our faith community, why we exist and how we live our lives, an understanding and practise which is demonstrated in worship, teaching, reflection and change. We also draw on our past experiences and power of reasoning to help in our decision making, however it is to Scripture that we look for guidance and authority. The bible is referred to as a collection of writings that shapes the church’s identity. (Messer, 2006, p. 18) The books, re ferred to as the Canon of Scripture, were chosen by the church as divinely inspired by the Holy Spirit. Karl Barth is said to have referred to scripture as: â€Å"A unique witness to God’s revelation of himself in Jesus Christ, and in it we hear the word of God...† (Messer, 2006, p. 21) The scholar Richard Hays, in referring to scripture said in it we find rules, such as the Ten Commandments, but we also find principles, paradigms and a symbolic world. (Messer, 2006, p. 21) Principles are referred to asShow MoreRelatedEthical Decision Making A Decision On Ethical Decisions1587 Words   |  7 PagesThroughtout this written assignment there will be a discussion on ethical decision making about making a decision on possible ethical consequences that may be placed in your life, and what ethical consequences will be dealt with in the mental health professional field. Decisions could possibility pertain your conduct such as an ethical dilemma that will required a serious d ecision to be solved by your action as an leader. Even though a leader may not have caused the problem, they do not have a choiceRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1496 Words   |  6 PagesFacing Ethical Decisions How does a person determine what is right or wrong when making a decision? Most people faced with an ethical decision usually revert to their personal values that hopefully guide them through the decision-making process. Assessing values and morals are an important role when making ethical decisions and how others view a person after making that decision. â€Å"Once we grasp the underlying concepts of making important decisions, we need to know how to apply them.† (Fisher, 2005)Read MoreEthical Decision Making Ethical Decisions Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesbooks and news articles are available online which discuss making ethical decisions and the importance of maintaining a high level of ethical standards in business. Ethical Decisions Sound ethical decisions are extremely important in business communication and the decision making process is greatly affected by ethical standards. There are four general rules any business leader must follow when trying to make ethical decisions. These rules help managers and employees to behave appropriatelyRead MoreEthical Decision Making Ethical Decisions Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I think of making ethical decisions, I think of doing what’s right, but what exactly is the right thing and how do we define it? As humans we are all brought up under different circumstances, therefore we tend to distinguish from right and wrong in many different ways, especially at a young age when we first start to understand our moral behavior. This difference between the way we determine what’s right and what’s wrong is what makes it difficult for us humans to have the same understandingRead MoreEthical Decision Making And Ethical Decisions1026 Words   |  5 Pages within a particular organization. Also, it includes critical and ethical decision-making process so as to address various ethical dilemmas experienced by employees while undertaking their respective assigned duties within the company. Ethical dilemmas are hereby to stay as issues usually arise now and then and place a variety of options that bear different repercussions. Therefore, it calls for ethical and critical decision-making skills so as to make the most appropriate option that bears moreRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1047 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Decision-Making The first step in the CPA (2000) ethical decision-making model is identification of the individuals and groups potentially affected by the decision. In the ethical scenario I presented earlier, the individuals directly involved and likely to be most affected by the decision include the 54-year old woman and myself as the counsellor. Those who will likely be indirectly affected by the decision would be the woman’s family, including her 20-year old daughter, and the agencyRead MoreEthical Decision Making And Ethical Decisions1317 Words   |  6 Pagesaccount the works of ethical decision making, ethical decision making is an idea that will dramatically help any manager that takes this issue seriously. In the standpoint of the internal customer, ethical behavior improves the actual atmosphere at the job and helps motivate the actual employees, sets an example to the actual employees, and evokes a feeling of pride with the company and improves it is image within the eyes with th e employees. From the standpoint of outer customer, ethical behavior improvesRead MoreEthical Decision Making Ethical Decisions Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesHaving to make an ethical decision regarding unethical circumstances can be challenging for some. â€Å"Ethical decision-making refers to the process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a manner consistent with ethical principles. In making ethical decisions, it is necessary to perceive and eliminate unethical options and select the best ethical alternative.The process of making ethical decisions requires: commitment-the desire to do the right thing regardless of the cost; consciousness-theRead MoreEthical And Ethical Decision Making1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmore important than others, ethical decision making is a skill that has become increasingly pivotal. Jones states that a ‘moral issue is present where a person’s action, when freely performed, may harm or benefit others’ and defines â⠂¬Ëœan ethical decision is a decision that is both legally and morally acceptable to the larger community’ (1991, p. 387). In order to create a company wide culture of ethics, employees must believe that the organization has a desire to be ethical and see proof of this fromRead Moreethical decision making1211 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Ethical- Decision Making University of the Rockies Mabel Drafton Abstract Countertransference is how therapists distort the way they perceive and react to a client (Corey, Corey, and Callanan, 2011). Therapists are expected to identify and deal with their own reactions with consultation, personal therapy, and supervision that their clients will not be negatively affected by the therapist’s problem. Personal therapy is an effective way for therapists